Compare and contrast the presidencies of Theodore Roosevelt and Harry Truman.Which one policies were more efficient?
Theodore Roosevelt was the Great Depression president. Being that he was president during a time period that America was experiencing a very high unemployment rate, he and a lot of responsibility. Even though Roosevelt was a rich man before becoming president, he still did his best when he became president to help the unemployed and middle class. His New Deal policy included the Three R’s. The Three R’s meant reform relief and recovery. This was Roosevelt’s plan to help America recover from its major debt. Due to the fact that Harry Truman was Roosevelt’s vice president they were bond to have some similarities when it came to politics. The similarities came into play when it came down to things like the efficiency of the policies, but differed in the way that they were executed.
Being Roosevelt’s vice president caused Truman to favor his way of thinking. Despite their similarities they did have differences. Some of their similarities were the way that they planned to help America recover from its debt. But they differed when it came down to how it was executed. Their presidencies also differ in how efficient their plans were.
Roosevelt’s answer to America’s debt was basically a lot of acts, plans, and policies. One of those polices was his New deal plan. This plan included the plan of the Three R’s, which meant reform, recovery, and relief. A way that Truman was similar to Roosevelt was his Fair Deal plan. Truman’s Fair Deal and many of the same concepts of Roosevelt’s New Deal. They were also similar because they both came up with many plans, and policies. They both were also president during a time of a high unemployment rate. Though they were similar, they also differed.
Though they were president during the time of a high unemployment rate, Roosevelt focused more on it than Truman. Roosevelt mostly focused on unemployment, and responded with things like the Alphabet policies, New Deal Acts, Charities, and etc. Though Truman did focus on unemployment, it was not as much as Roosevelt. Truman’s main concern was reconverting the economy from a war footing to a consumer one. So while Roosevelt was trying to save America from unemployment, Truman was trying to get them to be able to spend money.
Truman and Roosevelt were similar as far as their Fair Deal and New Deal. They both knew that America needed to recover from the extreme debt. But Roosevelt did more and therefore was more efficient than Truman. One of the things that made Roosevelt more efficient was his charity projects. Even though a lot of people were poor and unemployed, there were still rich and upper class people. So if they pass it down to those who have less this could better the economy and it did.
Due to the fact that Truman was Roosevelt’s vice president they did have some similarities. But even though they were similar they also had their differences. Some of those differences came into play when it came to efficiency of their policies. Though they both efficient to some extent, Roosevelt’s were more.
Saturday, April 5, 2008
Saturday, March 8, 2008
the great depression
March 8, 2008
APUS
The Great Depression Led to Social Problems in America
The 1930’s Great Depression was a miserable time period for America. This was the time period after World War I, and the first time that America experienced major debt. There were several causes of the Great Depression; many of them were due to bad political decisions. Two of which were the Fordney- McCumber and Hawley- Smoot Tariffs. Andrew Mellon (who was secretary of the Treasury at the time) introduced the Fordney- McCumber Tariff in 1922. This caused taxes on agricultural, chemical, and metal imports to rise. During the war U.S. gave financial aid to the Allies and in the 1920’s demanded repayment. The Fordney- McCumber Tariff made it so the Allies could not sell any thing for which there was a given demand on. Therefore the Allies were deeper in debt and could not repay their debt to the U.S. In 1930 Congress passed the highest tariff in the nation’s history as a way to protect American industry and manufacturing from foreign competition. This was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff. The Hawley- Smoot Tariff raised U.S. tariffs on over twenty thousand imported goods, and really worsened The Great Depression. Another cause of The Great Depression was technology. Due to America still trying to stay competitive in production, they created machines that made where manual labor was no longer needed. For example, a job that could have taken seven workers to do, now only needed one, so the other six workers are know out of a job. This also led to under consumption. Under consumption was basically that many people were not making as much money as they did before the war and before technology, and even though the machines were producing a large amount of product, people were not able to purchase them because the did not have the money. Even though many people were living in poverty, there was still a small percent that was not. The problem with this was that they controlled most of the nation’s wealth, and did it in a way that kept them being rich at the expense of the rest of the nation. Someone who was responsible for doing this was Andrew Mellon, who secured tax deductions from congress for those who were considered to be rich. Due to all the things mentioned above, America experienced on of the worst time periods in history, the 1930’s Great Depression.
Many American families were affected by The Great Depression. The Great Depression altered the American social fabric in the 1930’s in different ways. One social effect was that many people were laid off of there jobs. Also a lot of living arrangements changed. Another way was that it caused migration. America would not be relieved from the Great Depression until World War II.
Technology really harmed the workers of America during the Great Depression. This was because it could work at a faster pace than humans; therefore business owners replaced their workers with machines. This was the same for farmers. Farmers started to use technology to grow their crops at a faster pace, nut this ended up hurting them in the long run. There was a serious case of under consumption because people could not afford to buy things any more. Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to help with his New Deal programs which aimed at the three R’s, reform recovery and relief. Long- range goals were what reform was for. And then it was short- range goals for relief and immediate recovery.
As a result of the Great Depression the unemployment rate increased to about 1.8 million. Due to this people were forced to live in harsh conditions. Many were homeless, with out food and work. Others who could afford it lived in Soup Kitchens. Soups Kitchens were very small and crowed. For example, a soup kitchen could be like a two flat building where each family house would be a bedroom out of the apartment. There was a community bath room and kitchen. Often people who lived in Soup Kitchens still had a hard time keeping up with rent and other bills.
Migration took place because of the harsh living conditions during the time of the Great Depression. The 1920’s in America was the time of the Harlem Renaissance. During this time many people made a living off of being artist, some visual another’s verbal. But when the Great Depression they could no longer afford to live in America so many of them migrated to Europe. Another migration that took place was due to the “Dust Bowl”. This was a drought that accrued in late 1933 that stretched from eastern Colorado to western Missouri. Many of the residents of these places migrated to California because their crops and land had become all dried up.
The Great Depression of the 1930’s changed social life in America. This was because America was experiencing its first time of being in major debt. Some of the ways that the social life was altered was because of technology. This made it where many American workers were laid off from their jobs. Because many of them were laid off they were forced to live in harsh conditions. Others migrated as a result of the Depression. America would not gain relief from the Great Depression until World War II, also known as the second great migration. This was the second great migration because when a lot of the Caucasian people went to fight in the war, African American migrated from the south to get the jobs that they left.
APUS
The Great Depression Led to Social Problems in America
The 1930’s Great Depression was a miserable time period for America. This was the time period after World War I, and the first time that America experienced major debt. There were several causes of the Great Depression; many of them were due to bad political decisions. Two of which were the Fordney- McCumber and Hawley- Smoot Tariffs. Andrew Mellon (who was secretary of the Treasury at the time) introduced the Fordney- McCumber Tariff in 1922. This caused taxes on agricultural, chemical, and metal imports to rise. During the war U.S. gave financial aid to the Allies and in the 1920’s demanded repayment. The Fordney- McCumber Tariff made it so the Allies could not sell any thing for which there was a given demand on. Therefore the Allies were deeper in debt and could not repay their debt to the U.S. In 1930 Congress passed the highest tariff in the nation’s history as a way to protect American industry and manufacturing from foreign competition. This was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff. The Hawley- Smoot Tariff raised U.S. tariffs on over twenty thousand imported goods, and really worsened The Great Depression. Another cause of The Great Depression was technology. Due to America still trying to stay competitive in production, they created machines that made where manual labor was no longer needed. For example, a job that could have taken seven workers to do, now only needed one, so the other six workers are know out of a job. This also led to under consumption. Under consumption was basically that many people were not making as much money as they did before the war and before technology, and even though the machines were producing a large amount of product, people were not able to purchase them because the did not have the money. Even though many people were living in poverty, there was still a small percent that was not. The problem with this was that they controlled most of the nation’s wealth, and did it in a way that kept them being rich at the expense of the rest of the nation. Someone who was responsible for doing this was Andrew Mellon, who secured tax deductions from congress for those who were considered to be rich. Due to all the things mentioned above, America experienced on of the worst time periods in history, the 1930’s Great Depression.
Many American families were affected by The Great Depression. The Great Depression altered the American social fabric in the 1930’s in different ways. One social effect was that many people were laid off of there jobs. Also a lot of living arrangements changed. Another way was that it caused migration. America would not be relieved from the Great Depression until World War II.
Technology really harmed the workers of America during the Great Depression. This was because it could work at a faster pace than humans; therefore business owners replaced their workers with machines. This was the same for farmers. Farmers started to use technology to grow their crops at a faster pace, nut this ended up hurting them in the long run. There was a serious case of under consumption because people could not afford to buy things any more. Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to help with his New Deal programs which aimed at the three R’s, reform recovery and relief. Long- range goals were what reform was for. And then it was short- range goals for relief and immediate recovery.
As a result of the Great Depression the unemployment rate increased to about 1.8 million. Due to this people were forced to live in harsh conditions. Many were homeless, with out food and work. Others who could afford it lived in Soup Kitchens. Soups Kitchens were very small and crowed. For example, a soup kitchen could be like a two flat building where each family house would be a bedroom out of the apartment. There was a community bath room and kitchen. Often people who lived in Soup Kitchens still had a hard time keeping up with rent and other bills.
Migration took place because of the harsh living conditions during the time of the Great Depression. The 1920’s in America was the time of the Harlem Renaissance. During this time many people made a living off of being artist, some visual another’s verbal. But when the Great Depression they could no longer afford to live in America so many of them migrated to Europe. Another migration that took place was due to the “Dust Bowl”. This was a drought that accrued in late 1933 that stretched from eastern Colorado to western Missouri. Many of the residents of these places migrated to California because their crops and land had become all dried up.
The Great Depression of the 1930’s changed social life in America. This was because America was experiencing its first time of being in major debt. Some of the ways that the social life was altered was because of technology. This made it where many American workers were laid off from their jobs. Because many of them were laid off they were forced to live in harsh conditions. Others migrated as a result of the Depression. America would not gain relief from the Great Depression until World War II, also known as the second great migration. This was the second great migration because when a lot of the Caucasian people went to fight in the war, African American migrated from the south to get the jobs that they left.
Friday, December 28, 2007
Trade Union Movement
Trade Union Movement
5th period BLOG
*The Reconstruction period was intended to aid the south and also to reunite the Union and the Confederacy after the Civil War. Reconstruction ended in 1877, and even though the United States was by large an agricultural nation, it was now on the rise of becoming very well developed. Large cities and commercial areas were now rising and progressing not only in the Union, but also in the Confederacy. Urban populations were increasing rapidly and more Americans now preferred to live in the cities rather than on farms. Americans were drawn in by the cities technical and architectural progression, also by the fact that it was easier to find jobs in the city. But as they settled they were faced with city troubles such as poverty, corruption, and crime. Workers were becoming upset because they soon realized that even though they were the ones working hard in harsh environments, the owners of the companies were the ones to reap the profit. Because of this national trade unions were developed. Trade unions were used by workers to get certain work conditions that they wanted.
*Unions were built for the people, but sometimes they did not do things they promised. The trade union movement in the post-Civil War era was not all the way successful. Unions were not one hundred percent successful because, though they were able to organize they were not able to meet every goal that they set out to meet. By 1872 there were thirty two national unions. These unions represented different crafts as bricklayers to typewriters andmore. There were three major unions in the late nineteenth century, The National Labor Union (NLU), The Knights of Labor, and The American Federation of Labor (AFL). Because the unions were not able to meet all of their goals and promises, different strikes and riots took place.
*The NLU was formed in 1866 and consisted of six hundred thousand members. The goals of the NLU were to organize workers no matter of their race or gender, to accept the skilled and unskilled, higher wages, and the eight-hour work day. The normal work day was ten hours or more. One of the goals of the NLU was to lower that to eight hours. They did meet this goal and as a result the federal employees were able to work eight hour shifts. Another goal that was made and met by the NLU was that they did not discriminate against the unskilled or inexperienced workers, and they allowed both the skilled and unskilled workers into the union. This leaves two goals that were not met, no racial and discrimination and higher wages. Even though the NLU stated that they did not discriminate against the blacks or the whites, they did discriminate against the Chinese. Therefore they did have some racial discrimination. And as far as higher wages, when the depression hit so did wage reduction in 1877. Due to these wage reductions many riots were set off leaving the federal troops putting them to an end. Just as the riots were put to an end, so was the NLU. The NLU lasted for six years.
*The Knights of Labor promoted basically the same goals as the NLU but in addition the were in support of producers, (those who jobs involved manual labor) and they did not want to get tied up in political controversy. As I said before the Knights of Labor was similar to the NLU, one of the ways that they were similar was the fact that the also fought for the eight-hour work day. And with the help of their leader Terrence V. Powderly, they won this campaign. The fought to protect their workers, but that did not stop the many brawls and violent rioting that took place. This union tried to walk out on jobs that were not providing working conditions that they wanted. This did not work because the employers sought out “scabs.” Scabs would replace the workers who were on strict and often work for less than the previous employee would. This damaged this union because they were now out of jobs. Another down fall of the Knights of Labor was the Haymarket Square episode. Labor disorder took place along with a bombing. In this bombing many were injured and even killed including police officers. The Knights of Labor did not meet all of its set out goals. One reason they did not meet all of its goals is because they lost jobs to scabs. Also because after that bombing, they had to get involved in politics. As a result of the Knights of Labor not being able to meet these goals they were also unsuccessful.
*The American Federation of Labor (also referred to as AFL and the AF of L). Out of the three this was on of the better three and became even more popular during the twentieth. But during the time of the trade union it was also popular. It was one of the better unions because it set goals that were realistic and reasonable. Samuel Gompers, the leader of the AFL, set goals such as fairer share for labor, better working conditions wages and hours along with the authorization of all union labor. The AFL consisted of carpenters, bricklayers, and other skilled craftsmen. But as far as unskilled workers, women, and blacks, the AFL did not really support them and left them to fend for themselves. This was its downfall. They should have been for everyone.
*Due to the Civil War, Labor unions came into play. Workers were frustrated with the fact that they had to work in horrible conditions for long hours and the owners were the ones to reap the profit, and as a result to this they turned to the unions. The unions set up goals to get the workers what they wanted. Though some of the goals were met by the NLU, Knights of Labor, and the AFL, none of these unions were one hundred percent successful. Therefore the trade union movement was not successful.
5th period BLOG
*The Reconstruction period was intended to aid the south and also to reunite the Union and the Confederacy after the Civil War. Reconstruction ended in 1877, and even though the United States was by large an agricultural nation, it was now on the rise of becoming very well developed. Large cities and commercial areas were now rising and progressing not only in the Union, but also in the Confederacy. Urban populations were increasing rapidly and more Americans now preferred to live in the cities rather than on farms. Americans were drawn in by the cities technical and architectural progression, also by the fact that it was easier to find jobs in the city. But as they settled they were faced with city troubles such as poverty, corruption, and crime. Workers were becoming upset because they soon realized that even though they were the ones working hard in harsh environments, the owners of the companies were the ones to reap the profit. Because of this national trade unions were developed. Trade unions were used by workers to get certain work conditions that they wanted.
*Unions were built for the people, but sometimes they did not do things they promised. The trade union movement in the post-Civil War era was not all the way successful. Unions were not one hundred percent successful because, though they were able to organize they were not able to meet every goal that they set out to meet. By 1872 there were thirty two national unions. These unions represented different crafts as bricklayers to typewriters andmore. There were three major unions in the late nineteenth century, The National Labor Union (NLU), The Knights of Labor, and The American Federation of Labor (AFL). Because the unions were not able to meet all of their goals and promises, different strikes and riots took place.
*The NLU was formed in 1866 and consisted of six hundred thousand members. The goals of the NLU were to organize workers no matter of their race or gender, to accept the skilled and unskilled, higher wages, and the eight-hour work day. The normal work day was ten hours or more. One of the goals of the NLU was to lower that to eight hours. They did meet this goal and as a result the federal employees were able to work eight hour shifts. Another goal that was made and met by the NLU was that they did not discriminate against the unskilled or inexperienced workers, and they allowed both the skilled and unskilled workers into the union. This leaves two goals that were not met, no racial and discrimination and higher wages. Even though the NLU stated that they did not discriminate against the blacks or the whites, they did discriminate against the Chinese. Therefore they did have some racial discrimination. And as far as higher wages, when the depression hit so did wage reduction in 1877. Due to these wage reductions many riots were set off leaving the federal troops putting them to an end. Just as the riots were put to an end, so was the NLU. The NLU lasted for six years.
*The Knights of Labor promoted basically the same goals as the NLU but in addition the were in support of producers, (those who jobs involved manual labor) and they did not want to get tied up in political controversy. As I said before the Knights of Labor was similar to the NLU, one of the ways that they were similar was the fact that the also fought for the eight-hour work day. And with the help of their leader Terrence V. Powderly, they won this campaign. The fought to protect their workers, but that did not stop the many brawls and violent rioting that took place. This union tried to walk out on jobs that were not providing working conditions that they wanted. This did not work because the employers sought out “scabs.” Scabs would replace the workers who were on strict and often work for less than the previous employee would. This damaged this union because they were now out of jobs. Another down fall of the Knights of Labor was the Haymarket Square episode. Labor disorder took place along with a bombing. In this bombing many were injured and even killed including police officers. The Knights of Labor did not meet all of its set out goals. One reason they did not meet all of its goals is because they lost jobs to scabs. Also because after that bombing, they had to get involved in politics. As a result of the Knights of Labor not being able to meet these goals they were also unsuccessful.
*The American Federation of Labor (also referred to as AFL and the AF of L). Out of the three this was on of the better three and became even more popular during the twentieth. But during the time of the trade union it was also popular. It was one of the better unions because it set goals that were realistic and reasonable. Samuel Gompers, the leader of the AFL, set goals such as fairer share for labor, better working conditions wages and hours along with the authorization of all union labor. The AFL consisted of carpenters, bricklayers, and other skilled craftsmen. But as far as unskilled workers, women, and blacks, the AFL did not really support them and left them to fend for themselves. This was its downfall. They should have been for everyone.
*Due to the Civil War, Labor unions came into play. Workers were frustrated with the fact that they had to work in horrible conditions for long hours and the owners were the ones to reap the profit, and as a result to this they turned to the unions. The unions set up goals to get the workers what they wanted. Though some of the goals were met by the NLU, Knights of Labor, and the AFL, none of these unions were one hundred percent successful. Therefore the trade union movement was not successful.
Saturday, December 15, 2007
3 plans of reconstuction
Three Plans of Reconstruction
The reconstruction period took place after the Civil war, from 1865-77. The south was ruined from the war. As a result of this the eleven Confederate states had to be reunited with the Union, and the free slaves from the south, now had to be defined as something other than slaves. There were three different ways or plans on how this “reconstruction” process should be executed. One of the three was the plan of the Radical Republicans. Unlike Lincoln and Johnson’s plans, the Radicals did not want the Union and the Confederacy to be reunited because they felt this way they passed the Wade-Davis Bill in July of 1864. This bill basically made it where no state could enter into the Union unless 50% of their males swear the "Ironclad Oath", which stated that they never supported the Confederacy. This bill never took effect because it was vetoed by Lincoln. Lincoln wanted a strong republican party in the South, and on December 8, 1863 he passed the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction. This stated that a state could re-enter into the Union if ten percent of its voters who would accept that slavery was abolished, and be in total support of the Union. But Northerners did not like Lincoln’s plan, and felt that he was being too nice, he was not making it challenging to enter the Union. But Lincoln did not really care because he mainly wanted to preserve the Union. The radicals were more so in agreement with Johnson’s plan over Lincoln’s. Johnson was stricter in what he wanted and how he wanted compared to Lincoln. Johnson felt that the Union should be reunited with The Confederacy. His plan included things such as the proclamation of amnesty (May 29, 1865) , which offered pardon to those who would take the oath of allegiance, but if they were in any high rank in the military of owned land worth ore than $20,000 they would have to apply for individual pardons.
There were differences and similarities of the three major Reconstruction plans: Lincoln’s, Johnson’s and the Radical Republicans’. The thing that all three had in common in some way was the freedom of the slaves. But the difference came when the topic of how and if the Union and the Confederacy would be reunited. The top two strongest of the three would be Lincoln’s plan and Johnson’s plan. The both agreed on the same things for the most part, but Johnson was more forceful in getting what he wanted, under his rule the 13th amendment was ratified, and every ex- confederate state other than Texas was reestablished to civil government. That is why Johnson had the best plan of the three.
In order to be able to stand strong and make rules, which was why Johnson was not as lenient as Lincoln when it came to Reconstruction. Lincoln did not have the support of the Radicals but Johnson did, and this was also a plus for him. Johnson passed the May 29, 1865 proclamation of amnesty which offered pardon to those who would take the oath of allegiance, but if they were in any high rank in the military of owned land worth ore than $20,000 they would have to apply for individual pardons. The Radicals agreed with this because it made it more difficult than what Lincoln was making it to re-enter the Union.
Johnson did believe with the abolishment of slavery. It was under is presidency in 1865 that the 13th amendment was ratified. But some of the things that Johnson supported did cause some segregation between blacks and whites. One of these things being the “black codes”. They gave blacks the rights to own personal property, to marry and sue in court, these things were good. But on the other hand they also gave separation between blacks and whites in public facilities and placed restrictions on black’s status as a free laborer, the right to own real estate, and the right to testify in court. Even though Johnson’s plan had some racial set backs, this was still the strongest because it was showing progress in reconstruction.
The main purpose of reconstruction was to restore the South from the damage the Civil War and the reunite the South with the North. In doing this the Union and the Confederacy would be able to work together. Lincoln along with the Radicals made some progression towards the reconstruction cause. Nut Johnson made the most. Another example of this was that Johnson was able to get every ex- confederate state other than Texas to be reestablished to civil government. Reconstruction was the period after the civil war when political, social, and economic problems needed to be fixed. The Radical Republicans, Lincoln and Johnson all had plans to how these problems should be fixed. The radical republicans did not want the union to reunite with the confederacy. Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union so bad that his was of getting were too lineate, leaving Johnson. Due to the assassination of Lincoln Johnson knew president, making it more possible for his plan to be put into play. Out of the three Johnson had the best plan.
The reconstruction period took place after the Civil war, from 1865-77. The south was ruined from the war. As a result of this the eleven Confederate states had to be reunited with the Union, and the free slaves from the south, now had to be defined as something other than slaves. There were three different ways or plans on how this “reconstruction” process should be executed. One of the three was the plan of the Radical Republicans. Unlike Lincoln and Johnson’s plans, the Radicals did not want the Union and the Confederacy to be reunited because they felt this way they passed the Wade-Davis Bill in July of 1864. This bill basically made it where no state could enter into the Union unless 50% of their males swear the "Ironclad Oath", which stated that they never supported the Confederacy. This bill never took effect because it was vetoed by Lincoln. Lincoln wanted a strong republican party in the South, and on December 8, 1863 he passed the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction. This stated that a state could re-enter into the Union if ten percent of its voters who would accept that slavery was abolished, and be in total support of the Union. But Northerners did not like Lincoln’s plan, and felt that he was being too nice, he was not making it challenging to enter the Union. But Lincoln did not really care because he mainly wanted to preserve the Union. The radicals were more so in agreement with Johnson’s plan over Lincoln’s. Johnson was stricter in what he wanted and how he wanted compared to Lincoln. Johnson felt that the Union should be reunited with The Confederacy. His plan included things such as the proclamation of amnesty (May 29, 1865) , which offered pardon to those who would take the oath of allegiance, but if they were in any high rank in the military of owned land worth ore than $20,000 they would have to apply for individual pardons.
There were differences and similarities of the three major Reconstruction plans: Lincoln’s, Johnson’s and the Radical Republicans’. The thing that all three had in common in some way was the freedom of the slaves. But the difference came when the topic of how and if the Union and the Confederacy would be reunited. The top two strongest of the three would be Lincoln’s plan and Johnson’s plan. The both agreed on the same things for the most part, but Johnson was more forceful in getting what he wanted, under his rule the 13th amendment was ratified, and every ex- confederate state other than Texas was reestablished to civil government. That is why Johnson had the best plan of the three.
In order to be able to stand strong and make rules, which was why Johnson was not as lenient as Lincoln when it came to Reconstruction. Lincoln did not have the support of the Radicals but Johnson did, and this was also a plus for him. Johnson passed the May 29, 1865 proclamation of amnesty which offered pardon to those who would take the oath of allegiance, but if they were in any high rank in the military of owned land worth ore than $20,000 they would have to apply for individual pardons. The Radicals agreed with this because it made it more difficult than what Lincoln was making it to re-enter the Union.
Johnson did believe with the abolishment of slavery. It was under is presidency in 1865 that the 13th amendment was ratified. But some of the things that Johnson supported did cause some segregation between blacks and whites. One of these things being the “black codes”. They gave blacks the rights to own personal property, to marry and sue in court, these things were good. But on the other hand they also gave separation between blacks and whites in public facilities and placed restrictions on black’s status as a free laborer, the right to own real estate, and the right to testify in court. Even though Johnson’s plan had some racial set backs, this was still the strongest because it was showing progress in reconstruction.
The main purpose of reconstruction was to restore the South from the damage the Civil War and the reunite the South with the North. In doing this the Union and the Confederacy would be able to work together. Lincoln along with the Radicals made some progression towards the reconstruction cause. Nut Johnson made the most. Another example of this was that Johnson was able to get every ex- confederate state other than Texas to be reestablished to civil government. Reconstruction was the period after the civil war when political, social, and economic problems needed to be fixed. The Radical Republicans, Lincoln and Johnson all had plans to how these problems should be fixed. The radical republicans did not want the union to reunite with the confederacy. Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union so bad that his was of getting were too lineate, leaving Johnson. Due to the assassination of Lincoln Johnson knew president, making it more possible for his plan to be put into play. Out of the three Johnson had the best plan.
Saturday, November 10, 2007
POLK!
(FOR AMERICA OR AGAINST IT)
*During the 1800s America and Mexico where not seeing eye to eye on many situations. Where, when and how did this controversy begin? In order to get a full understanding and answer to this question, 1821 would be a nice place to start. This was when Mexico gained it’s independence from Britain. Mexico than began to offer opportunities for land ownership, more than what America was offering. As a result, southerners began to migrate to northern Mexico. Mexican governors tried to put a halt on immigration when the settlers were not following two of the major laws, which were for them to convert to Catholicism, and to abolish slavery. In 1834 General Antonio de Santa Anna was elected director of Mexico, in hopes that he would make the settlers follow the laws. The settlers than created their own government where Sam Houston was elected the commander of Texas military. Starting with the Battle at Alamo, Mexico won a number of battles against Texas. But the tables were turned with the Battle of San Jacinto, this was where Santa Anna was captured, and Texas became independent and was now an Independent Republic.
*Meanwhile in America, James K. Polk was elected president in March of 1845. Like Jefferson, Polk was for territorial expansion, and already had ideas how he could expand America. This is one of the reasons some may question was Polk helping America when he decided to take the some of Mexico’s territory, and go to war with them. But it was quite the opposite. In going to war with against Mexico, President Polk was taking into account the best interests of the United States. Polk wanted to expand America’s territory. This was shown when he settled the Oregon border question, the acquisition of California, the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848), and brought Texas into the union. Though some may disagree, Polk did have America’s best interest at heart.
*The Oregon country was a huge piece of wilderness land. First Spain claimed the land, but then lost it to Russia. Russia gave the land to America and Britain with the treaties of 1824 and 1825. Everything was peaceful until the United States went to negotiate the Treaty of 1818. This would divide the land at the 49th parallel and the British did not approve. This controversy was thrown into the 1844 presidential election between Henry Clay and James K. Polk. Polk won the election, and therefore inherited the dispute. But the final say so was left up to Britain, and in wanting to remain peaceful gave the U.S. the 49th parallel. Everything was solved with Webster Ashburton Treaty (1842). This treaty settled the dispute between Maine and Canada. The portion of Oregon territory acquired by the United States would later form the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and parts of the states of Montana and Wyoming.
*Polk then turned his attention to California, hoping to acquire the territory from Mexico before any European nation did so. The main interest was San Francisco Bay as an access point for trade with Asia.In 1845, he sent diplomat John Slidell to Mexico to purchase California and New Mexico for $20-30 million. Slidell's arrival caused political turmoil in Mexico after word leaked out that he was there to purchase additional territory and not to offer compensation for the loss of Texas. The Mexicans refused to receive Slidell, citing a technical problem with his credentials. In January 1846 to increase pressure on Mexico to negotiate, Polk sent troops under General Zachary Taylor into the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, territory that was claimed by both the U.S. and Mexico. Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott destroyed all resistance. Scott captured Mexico City in September of 1847, and Taylor won a series of victories in Northern Mexico. Even after these battles, Mexico did not surrender until 1848, when they agreed to peace terms set out by Polk. Polk sent diplomat Nicholas Trist to negotiate with the Mexicans. Lack of progress prompted the President to order Trist to return to the United States, but the diplomat ignored the instructions and stayed in Mexico to continue bargaining. Trist successfully negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
*The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty, that ended the Mexican-American War. The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles, to the United States in exchange for $15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. The cession that the treaty facilitated included parts of the modern-day U.S. states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah. The remaining parts of what are today the states of Arizona and New Mexico were later ceded under the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.
*Polk also wanted to incorporate Texas into the union. Even though antislavery forces did not agree, he made it happen. Texas was admitted December 29, 1845.
*Though some may disagree, James Polk did want the best for America when he went it came to the Mexican American war. Around the time Polk was in office, America was going through the Manifest Destiny stage. This was when they felt that God had given them the right and the power to territorial expansion, and the though the abolitionist did not agree with this, the rest of America did. Therefore Polk did have Americas best interest in mind when it came to the Oregon border question, the acquisition of California, the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848), and bringing Texas into the union. Polk made it possible for America to be able to claim the area north of the Rio Grande, California, New Mexico, the Oregon territory and Texas. All of this land added up is about 1 million square miles of territory. America should be grateful.
(FOR AMERICA OR AGAINST IT)
*During the 1800s America and Mexico where not seeing eye to eye on many situations. Where, when and how did this controversy begin? In order to get a full understanding and answer to this question, 1821 would be a nice place to start. This was when Mexico gained it’s independence from Britain. Mexico than began to offer opportunities for land ownership, more than what America was offering. As a result, southerners began to migrate to northern Mexico. Mexican governors tried to put a halt on immigration when the settlers were not following two of the major laws, which were for them to convert to Catholicism, and to abolish slavery. In 1834 General Antonio de Santa Anna was elected director of Mexico, in hopes that he would make the settlers follow the laws. The settlers than created their own government where Sam Houston was elected the commander of Texas military. Starting with the Battle at Alamo, Mexico won a number of battles against Texas. But the tables were turned with the Battle of San Jacinto, this was where Santa Anna was captured, and Texas became independent and was now an Independent Republic.
*Meanwhile in America, James K. Polk was elected president in March of 1845. Like Jefferson, Polk was for territorial expansion, and already had ideas how he could expand America. This is one of the reasons some may question was Polk helping America when he decided to take the some of Mexico’s territory, and go to war with them. But it was quite the opposite. In going to war with against Mexico, President Polk was taking into account the best interests of the United States. Polk wanted to expand America’s territory. This was shown when he settled the Oregon border question, the acquisition of California, the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848), and brought Texas into the union. Though some may disagree, Polk did have America’s best interest at heart.
*The Oregon country was a huge piece of wilderness land. First Spain claimed the land, but then lost it to Russia. Russia gave the land to America and Britain with the treaties of 1824 and 1825. Everything was peaceful until the United States went to negotiate the Treaty of 1818. This would divide the land at the 49th parallel and the British did not approve. This controversy was thrown into the 1844 presidential election between Henry Clay and James K. Polk. Polk won the election, and therefore inherited the dispute. But the final say so was left up to Britain, and in wanting to remain peaceful gave the U.S. the 49th parallel. Everything was solved with Webster Ashburton Treaty (1842). This treaty settled the dispute between Maine and Canada. The portion of Oregon territory acquired by the United States would later form the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and parts of the states of Montana and Wyoming.
*Polk then turned his attention to California, hoping to acquire the territory from Mexico before any European nation did so. The main interest was San Francisco Bay as an access point for trade with Asia.In 1845, he sent diplomat John Slidell to Mexico to purchase California and New Mexico for $20-30 million. Slidell's arrival caused political turmoil in Mexico after word leaked out that he was there to purchase additional territory and not to offer compensation for the loss of Texas. The Mexicans refused to receive Slidell, citing a technical problem with his credentials. In January 1846 to increase pressure on Mexico to negotiate, Polk sent troops under General Zachary Taylor into the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, territory that was claimed by both the U.S. and Mexico. Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott destroyed all resistance. Scott captured Mexico City in September of 1847, and Taylor won a series of victories in Northern Mexico. Even after these battles, Mexico did not surrender until 1848, when they agreed to peace terms set out by Polk. Polk sent diplomat Nicholas Trist to negotiate with the Mexicans. Lack of progress prompted the President to order Trist to return to the United States, but the diplomat ignored the instructions and stayed in Mexico to continue bargaining. Trist successfully negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
*The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty, that ended the Mexican-American War. The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles, to the United States in exchange for $15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. The cession that the treaty facilitated included parts of the modern-day U.S. states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah. The remaining parts of what are today the states of Arizona and New Mexico were later ceded under the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.
*Polk also wanted to incorporate Texas into the union. Even though antislavery forces did not agree, he made it happen. Texas was admitted December 29, 1845.
*Though some may disagree, James Polk did want the best for America when he went it came to the Mexican American war. Around the time Polk was in office, America was going through the Manifest Destiny stage. This was when they felt that God had given them the right and the power to territorial expansion, and the though the abolitionist did not agree with this, the rest of America did. Therefore Polk did have Americas best interest in mind when it came to the Oregon border question, the acquisition of California, the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848), and bringing Texas into the union. Polk made it possible for America to be able to claim the area north of the Rio Grande, California, New Mexico, the Oregon territory and Texas. All of this land added up is about 1 million square miles of territory. America should be grateful.
Monday, October 29, 2007
The 2 Faces of Thomas Jefferson
The Two Faces of Thomas Jefferson
*The Revolution of 1800 was when the power of the federalist president, John Adams, was peacefully passed on to the democratic republican, President Thomas Jefferson. During Jefferson’s two terms as president, you can say he developed “two faces” when it came to foreign affairs and domestic policies and actions. One of the foreign affairs he had to face was the undeclared war with the Barbary Pirates. The domestically he dealt with polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, Kentucky resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
*The Barbary Pirates were pirates with ships and crews who came from the Barbary Coast, capturing merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom. This provided the rulers of these nations with wealth and power. Many of the countries that the pirates encountered (including Britain) would just paid them off to avoid conflict. When America was still under Britain’s rule they were safe from this problem, but now since they were independent, the pirates expected them to pay. But Jefferson refused to pay the ransom. As a result to this, an undeclared war began, which America won. Therefore the U.S. did not have to pay the pirates any money. This was good on Jefferson’s part because it showed that he could make god decisions for the U.S., and save them money when it came to foreign affairs.
*Even though Jefferson saved money when dealing with the Barbary Pirates, he spent 15 million dollars on the Louisiana Purchase. Making decisions like this was in Jefferson’s nature, being that he was a democratic republican, and they were mainly farmers and common men. Making this purchase added a lot more land to America, which was a good thing. However, when it came to the Non-intercourse Act of 1809, Jefferson contradicted himself. This was when Jefferson said that all trade was okay except trade with Britain and France; yet he bought the Louisiana territory from France.
*Another one of Jefferson’s domestic affairs was the Marbury vs. Madison case. This was the case where William Marbury sued James Madison because he learned that Madison had shelved his commission. John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) was the judge for this case. Being torn between supporting a fellow federalist (Marbury) or doing what Jefferson’s followers wanted him to do. Marshall decided to leave it up to the Supreme Court. Marshall’s discussion made Jefferson upset. As a result he tried to have Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, impeached. Because Jefferson failed, we now have the separation of powers.
*The last domestic policy was the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist when John Adams was president. They were designed to protect the U.S. from foreign enemies and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic republic later said that they were unconstitutional and designed to forcefully end criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. One act (the Alien Enemies Act) is still in force in 2007, and has frequently been enforced in wartime. The others expired or were repealed by 1802. Thomas Jefferson held them all to be unconstitutional and void, and ordered the release of all who had been convicted of violating them.
*During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he was involved in many foreign affairs such as the Barbary Pirate conflict. He was also involved in domestic polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Even though, in some cases, it seemed like Jefferson had two different faces, by contradicting himself, he still manged to get the job done.
(This is the one that I would like you to grade. I have already posted another one earlier but my father went over it and told me to make corrections and repost it.)
*The Revolution of 1800 was when the power of the federalist president, John Adams, was peacefully passed on to the democratic republican, President Thomas Jefferson. During Jefferson’s two terms as president, you can say he developed “two faces” when it came to foreign affairs and domestic policies and actions. One of the foreign affairs he had to face was the undeclared war with the Barbary Pirates. The domestically he dealt with polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, Kentucky resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
*The Barbary Pirates were pirates with ships and crews who came from the Barbary Coast, capturing merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom. This provided the rulers of these nations with wealth and power. Many of the countries that the pirates encountered (including Britain) would just paid them off to avoid conflict. When America was still under Britain’s rule they were safe from this problem, but now since they were independent, the pirates expected them to pay. But Jefferson refused to pay the ransom. As a result to this, an undeclared war began, which America won. Therefore the U.S. did not have to pay the pirates any money. This was good on Jefferson’s part because it showed that he could make god decisions for the U.S., and save them money when it came to foreign affairs.
*Even though Jefferson saved money when dealing with the Barbary Pirates, he spent 15 million dollars on the Louisiana Purchase. Making decisions like this was in Jefferson’s nature, being that he was a democratic republican, and they were mainly farmers and common men. Making this purchase added a lot more land to America, which was a good thing. However, when it came to the Non-intercourse Act of 1809, Jefferson contradicted himself. This was when Jefferson said that all trade was okay except trade with Britain and France; yet he bought the Louisiana territory from France.
*Another one of Jefferson’s domestic affairs was the Marbury vs. Madison case. This was the case where William Marbury sued James Madison because he learned that Madison had shelved his commission. John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) was the judge for this case. Being torn between supporting a fellow federalist (Marbury) or doing what Jefferson’s followers wanted him to do. Marshall decided to leave it up to the Supreme Court. Marshall’s discussion made Jefferson upset. As a result he tried to have Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, impeached. Because Jefferson failed, we now have the separation of powers.
*The last domestic policy was the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist when John Adams was president. They were designed to protect the U.S. from foreign enemies and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic republic later said that they were unconstitutional and designed to forcefully end criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. One act (the Alien Enemies Act) is still in force in 2007, and has frequently been enforced in wartime. The others expired or were repealed by 1802. Thomas Jefferson held them all to be unconstitutional and void, and ordered the release of all who had been convicted of violating them.
*During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he was involved in many foreign affairs such as the Barbary Pirate conflict. He was also involved in domestic polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Even though, in some cases, it seemed like Jefferson had two different faces, by contradicting himself, he still manged to get the job done.
(This is the one that I would like you to grade. I have already posted another one earlier but my father went over it and told me to make corrections and repost it.)
The 2 Faces of Thomas Jefferson
The 2 Faces of Thomas Jefferson
*The Revolution of 1800 is when the power of the Federalists, President John Adams, passed to the democratic Republic, President Thomas Jefferson, peacefully. During Jefferson’s two term presidencies, you can see his “two faces” of how he dealt with both foreign affairs and domestic policies and actions. One of the foreign affairs was the undeclared war with the Barbary Pirates. The Domestic polices and actions were the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, Kentucky Resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
*The Barbary Pirates were pirate ships and crews from the Barbary Coast, capturing merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom. This provided the rulers of these nations with wealth and power. Many countries (including Britain) the pirates were encounter with just paid them off to avoid conflict. When America was still under Britain’s rule they were safe from this, but now since they were independent, the pirates expected them to pay. But Jefferson refused to pay the ransom. As a result to this, an undeclared war began, which America won. Therefore the U.S. did not have to pay the pirates any money. This was good on Jefferson’s part because it showed that he could make god decisions for the U.S., and save them money when it came to foreign affairs.
*Even though Jefferson saved money when dealing with the Barbary Pirates, he spent 15 million dollars on the Louisiana Purchase. Making this decision was in Jefferson’s nature has a person being that he was democratic Republics, and they were mainly farmers and common men. Making this purchase added a lot more land to America, which was a good thing, but at the same time Jefferson contradicted himself, the Nonintercourse Act of 1809 was when Jefferson said that all trade was okay except trade with Britain and France. But he bought the Louisiana territory from France.
*Another one of Jefferson’s Domestic affairs was the Marbury vs. Madison case. This was the case where William Marbury sued James Madison because he learned that Madison had shelved his commission. John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) was the judge for this case. Being torn between supporting a fellow federalist (Marbury) or what Jefferson’s followers wanted him to do, Marshall decided to give leave it up to the Supreme Court. Marshall’s discussion mad Jefferson upset and as a result he tried to have Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, impeached. Because Jefferson failed we know have the Separation of powers.
*The last domestic policy was the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist when John Adams was president. They were designed to protect the U.S. from alien enemies and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic republic later said that they were unconstitutional and designed to forcefully end criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. One act (the Alien Enemies Act) is still in force in 2007, and has frequently been enforced in wartime. The others expired or were repealed by 1802. Thomas Jefferson held them all to be unconstitutional and void, and ordered the release of all who had been convicted of violating them.
*During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he was involved in both foreign affairs such as the Barbary Pirate conflict. He was also involved in domestic polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Even though Jefferson, in most cases, showed his two faces by contradicting himself, he still manged to get the job done.
*The Revolution of 1800 is when the power of the Federalists, President John Adams, passed to the democratic Republic, President Thomas Jefferson, peacefully. During Jefferson’s two term presidencies, you can see his “two faces” of how he dealt with both foreign affairs and domestic policies and actions. One of the foreign affairs was the undeclared war with the Barbary Pirates. The Domestic polices and actions were the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, Kentucky Resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
*The Barbary Pirates were pirate ships and crews from the Barbary Coast, capturing merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom. This provided the rulers of these nations with wealth and power. Many countries (including Britain) the pirates were encounter with just paid them off to avoid conflict. When America was still under Britain’s rule they were safe from this, but now since they were independent, the pirates expected them to pay. But Jefferson refused to pay the ransom. As a result to this, an undeclared war began, which America won. Therefore the U.S. did not have to pay the pirates any money. This was good on Jefferson’s part because it showed that he could make god decisions for the U.S., and save them money when it came to foreign affairs.
*Even though Jefferson saved money when dealing with the Barbary Pirates, he spent 15 million dollars on the Louisiana Purchase. Making this decision was in Jefferson’s nature has a person being that he was democratic Republics, and they were mainly farmers and common men. Making this purchase added a lot more land to America, which was a good thing, but at the same time Jefferson contradicted himself, the Nonintercourse Act of 1809 was when Jefferson said that all trade was okay except trade with Britain and France. But he bought the Louisiana territory from France.
*Another one of Jefferson’s Domestic affairs was the Marbury vs. Madison case. This was the case where William Marbury sued James Madison because he learned that Madison had shelved his commission. John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) was the judge for this case. Being torn between supporting a fellow federalist (Marbury) or what Jefferson’s followers wanted him to do, Marshall decided to give leave it up to the Supreme Court. Marshall’s discussion mad Jefferson upset and as a result he tried to have Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, impeached. Because Jefferson failed we know have the Separation of powers.
*The last domestic policy was the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist when John Adams was president. They were designed to protect the U.S. from alien enemies and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic republic later said that they were unconstitutional and designed to forcefully end criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. One act (the Alien Enemies Act) is still in force in 2007, and has frequently been enforced in wartime. The others expired or were repealed by 1802. Thomas Jefferson held them all to be unconstitutional and void, and ordered the release of all who had been convicted of violating them.
*During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he was involved in both foreign affairs such as the Barbary Pirate conflict. He was also involved in domestic polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Even though Jefferson, in most cases, showed his two faces by contradicting himself, he still manged to get the job done.
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