Trade Union Movement
5th period BLOG
*The Reconstruction period was intended to aid the south and also to reunite the Union and the Confederacy after the Civil War. Reconstruction ended in 1877, and even though the United States was by large an agricultural nation, it was now on the rise of becoming very well developed. Large cities and commercial areas were now rising and progressing not only in the Union, but also in the Confederacy. Urban populations were increasing rapidly and more Americans now preferred to live in the cities rather than on farms. Americans were drawn in by the cities technical and architectural progression, also by the fact that it was easier to find jobs in the city. But as they settled they were faced with city troubles such as poverty, corruption, and crime. Workers were becoming upset because they soon realized that even though they were the ones working hard in harsh environments, the owners of the companies were the ones to reap the profit. Because of this national trade unions were developed. Trade unions were used by workers to get certain work conditions that they wanted.
*Unions were built for the people, but sometimes they did not do things they promised. The trade union movement in the post-Civil War era was not all the way successful. Unions were not one hundred percent successful because, though they were able to organize they were not able to meet every goal that they set out to meet. By 1872 there were thirty two national unions. These unions represented different crafts as bricklayers to typewriters andmore. There were three major unions in the late nineteenth century, The National Labor Union (NLU), The Knights of Labor, and The American Federation of Labor (AFL). Because the unions were not able to meet all of their goals and promises, different strikes and riots took place.
*The NLU was formed in 1866 and consisted of six hundred thousand members. The goals of the NLU were to organize workers no matter of their race or gender, to accept the skilled and unskilled, higher wages, and the eight-hour work day. The normal work day was ten hours or more. One of the goals of the NLU was to lower that to eight hours. They did meet this goal and as a result the federal employees were able to work eight hour shifts. Another goal that was made and met by the NLU was that they did not discriminate against the unskilled or inexperienced workers, and they allowed both the skilled and unskilled workers into the union. This leaves two goals that were not met, no racial and discrimination and higher wages. Even though the NLU stated that they did not discriminate against the blacks or the whites, they did discriminate against the Chinese. Therefore they did have some racial discrimination. And as far as higher wages, when the depression hit so did wage reduction in 1877. Due to these wage reductions many riots were set off leaving the federal troops putting them to an end. Just as the riots were put to an end, so was the NLU. The NLU lasted for six years.
*The Knights of Labor promoted basically the same goals as the NLU but in addition the were in support of producers, (those who jobs involved manual labor) and they did not want to get tied up in political controversy. As I said before the Knights of Labor was similar to the NLU, one of the ways that they were similar was the fact that the also fought for the eight-hour work day. And with the help of their leader Terrence V. Powderly, they won this campaign. The fought to protect their workers, but that did not stop the many brawls and violent rioting that took place. This union tried to walk out on jobs that were not providing working conditions that they wanted. This did not work because the employers sought out “scabs.” Scabs would replace the workers who were on strict and often work for less than the previous employee would. This damaged this union because they were now out of jobs. Another down fall of the Knights of Labor was the Haymarket Square episode. Labor disorder took place along with a bombing. In this bombing many were injured and even killed including police officers. The Knights of Labor did not meet all of its set out goals. One reason they did not meet all of its goals is because they lost jobs to scabs. Also because after that bombing, they had to get involved in politics. As a result of the Knights of Labor not being able to meet these goals they were also unsuccessful.
*The American Federation of Labor (also referred to as AFL and the AF of L). Out of the three this was on of the better three and became even more popular during the twentieth. But during the time of the trade union it was also popular. It was one of the better unions because it set goals that were realistic and reasonable. Samuel Gompers, the leader of the AFL, set goals such as fairer share for labor, better working conditions wages and hours along with the authorization of all union labor. The AFL consisted of carpenters, bricklayers, and other skilled craftsmen. But as far as unskilled workers, women, and blacks, the AFL did not really support them and left them to fend for themselves. This was its downfall. They should have been for everyone.
*Due to the Civil War, Labor unions came into play. Workers were frustrated with the fact that they had to work in horrible conditions for long hours and the owners were the ones to reap the profit, and as a result to this they turned to the unions. The unions set up goals to get the workers what they wanted. Though some of the goals were met by the NLU, Knights of Labor, and the AFL, none of these unions were one hundred percent successful. Therefore the trade union movement was not successful.
Friday, December 28, 2007
Saturday, December 15, 2007
3 plans of reconstuction
Three Plans of Reconstruction
The reconstruction period took place after the Civil war, from 1865-77. The south was ruined from the war. As a result of this the eleven Confederate states had to be reunited with the Union, and the free slaves from the south, now had to be defined as something other than slaves. There were three different ways or plans on how this “reconstruction” process should be executed. One of the three was the plan of the Radical Republicans. Unlike Lincoln and Johnson’s plans, the Radicals did not want the Union and the Confederacy to be reunited because they felt this way they passed the Wade-Davis Bill in July of 1864. This bill basically made it where no state could enter into the Union unless 50% of their males swear the "Ironclad Oath", which stated that they never supported the Confederacy. This bill never took effect because it was vetoed by Lincoln. Lincoln wanted a strong republican party in the South, and on December 8, 1863 he passed the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction. This stated that a state could re-enter into the Union if ten percent of its voters who would accept that slavery was abolished, and be in total support of the Union. But Northerners did not like Lincoln’s plan, and felt that he was being too nice, he was not making it challenging to enter the Union. But Lincoln did not really care because he mainly wanted to preserve the Union. The radicals were more so in agreement with Johnson’s plan over Lincoln’s. Johnson was stricter in what he wanted and how he wanted compared to Lincoln. Johnson felt that the Union should be reunited with The Confederacy. His plan included things such as the proclamation of amnesty (May 29, 1865) , which offered pardon to those who would take the oath of allegiance, but if they were in any high rank in the military of owned land worth ore than $20,000 they would have to apply for individual pardons.
There were differences and similarities of the three major Reconstruction plans: Lincoln’s, Johnson’s and the Radical Republicans’. The thing that all three had in common in some way was the freedom of the slaves. But the difference came when the topic of how and if the Union and the Confederacy would be reunited. The top two strongest of the three would be Lincoln’s plan and Johnson’s plan. The both agreed on the same things for the most part, but Johnson was more forceful in getting what he wanted, under his rule the 13th amendment was ratified, and every ex- confederate state other than Texas was reestablished to civil government. That is why Johnson had the best plan of the three.
In order to be able to stand strong and make rules, which was why Johnson was not as lenient as Lincoln when it came to Reconstruction. Lincoln did not have the support of the Radicals but Johnson did, and this was also a plus for him. Johnson passed the May 29, 1865 proclamation of amnesty which offered pardon to those who would take the oath of allegiance, but if they were in any high rank in the military of owned land worth ore than $20,000 they would have to apply for individual pardons. The Radicals agreed with this because it made it more difficult than what Lincoln was making it to re-enter the Union.
Johnson did believe with the abolishment of slavery. It was under is presidency in 1865 that the 13th amendment was ratified. But some of the things that Johnson supported did cause some segregation between blacks and whites. One of these things being the “black codes”. They gave blacks the rights to own personal property, to marry and sue in court, these things were good. But on the other hand they also gave separation between blacks and whites in public facilities and placed restrictions on black’s status as a free laborer, the right to own real estate, and the right to testify in court. Even though Johnson’s plan had some racial set backs, this was still the strongest because it was showing progress in reconstruction.
The main purpose of reconstruction was to restore the South from the damage the Civil War and the reunite the South with the North. In doing this the Union and the Confederacy would be able to work together. Lincoln along with the Radicals made some progression towards the reconstruction cause. Nut Johnson made the most. Another example of this was that Johnson was able to get every ex- confederate state other than Texas to be reestablished to civil government. Reconstruction was the period after the civil war when political, social, and economic problems needed to be fixed. The Radical Republicans, Lincoln and Johnson all had plans to how these problems should be fixed. The radical republicans did not want the union to reunite with the confederacy. Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union so bad that his was of getting were too lineate, leaving Johnson. Due to the assassination of Lincoln Johnson knew president, making it more possible for his plan to be put into play. Out of the three Johnson had the best plan.
The reconstruction period took place after the Civil war, from 1865-77. The south was ruined from the war. As a result of this the eleven Confederate states had to be reunited with the Union, and the free slaves from the south, now had to be defined as something other than slaves. There were three different ways or plans on how this “reconstruction” process should be executed. One of the three was the plan of the Radical Republicans. Unlike Lincoln and Johnson’s plans, the Radicals did not want the Union and the Confederacy to be reunited because they felt this way they passed the Wade-Davis Bill in July of 1864. This bill basically made it where no state could enter into the Union unless 50% of their males swear the "Ironclad Oath", which stated that they never supported the Confederacy. This bill never took effect because it was vetoed by Lincoln. Lincoln wanted a strong republican party in the South, and on December 8, 1863 he passed the proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction. This stated that a state could re-enter into the Union if ten percent of its voters who would accept that slavery was abolished, and be in total support of the Union. But Northerners did not like Lincoln’s plan, and felt that he was being too nice, he was not making it challenging to enter the Union. But Lincoln did not really care because he mainly wanted to preserve the Union. The radicals were more so in agreement with Johnson’s plan over Lincoln’s. Johnson was stricter in what he wanted and how he wanted compared to Lincoln. Johnson felt that the Union should be reunited with The Confederacy. His plan included things such as the proclamation of amnesty (May 29, 1865) , which offered pardon to those who would take the oath of allegiance, but if they were in any high rank in the military of owned land worth ore than $20,000 they would have to apply for individual pardons.
There were differences and similarities of the three major Reconstruction plans: Lincoln’s, Johnson’s and the Radical Republicans’. The thing that all three had in common in some way was the freedom of the slaves. But the difference came when the topic of how and if the Union and the Confederacy would be reunited. The top two strongest of the three would be Lincoln’s plan and Johnson’s plan. The both agreed on the same things for the most part, but Johnson was more forceful in getting what he wanted, under his rule the 13th amendment was ratified, and every ex- confederate state other than Texas was reestablished to civil government. That is why Johnson had the best plan of the three.
In order to be able to stand strong and make rules, which was why Johnson was not as lenient as Lincoln when it came to Reconstruction. Lincoln did not have the support of the Radicals but Johnson did, and this was also a plus for him. Johnson passed the May 29, 1865 proclamation of amnesty which offered pardon to those who would take the oath of allegiance, but if they were in any high rank in the military of owned land worth ore than $20,000 they would have to apply for individual pardons. The Radicals agreed with this because it made it more difficult than what Lincoln was making it to re-enter the Union.
Johnson did believe with the abolishment of slavery. It was under is presidency in 1865 that the 13th amendment was ratified. But some of the things that Johnson supported did cause some segregation between blacks and whites. One of these things being the “black codes”. They gave blacks the rights to own personal property, to marry and sue in court, these things were good. But on the other hand they also gave separation between blacks and whites in public facilities and placed restrictions on black’s status as a free laborer, the right to own real estate, and the right to testify in court. Even though Johnson’s plan had some racial set backs, this was still the strongest because it was showing progress in reconstruction.
The main purpose of reconstruction was to restore the South from the damage the Civil War and the reunite the South with the North. In doing this the Union and the Confederacy would be able to work together. Lincoln along with the Radicals made some progression towards the reconstruction cause. Nut Johnson made the most. Another example of this was that Johnson was able to get every ex- confederate state other than Texas to be reestablished to civil government. Reconstruction was the period after the civil war when political, social, and economic problems needed to be fixed. The Radical Republicans, Lincoln and Johnson all had plans to how these problems should be fixed. The radical republicans did not want the union to reunite with the confederacy. Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union so bad that his was of getting were too lineate, leaving Johnson. Due to the assassination of Lincoln Johnson knew president, making it more possible for his plan to be put into play. Out of the three Johnson had the best plan.
Saturday, November 10, 2007
POLK!
(FOR AMERICA OR AGAINST IT)
*During the 1800s America and Mexico where not seeing eye to eye on many situations. Where, when and how did this controversy begin? In order to get a full understanding and answer to this question, 1821 would be a nice place to start. This was when Mexico gained it’s independence from Britain. Mexico than began to offer opportunities for land ownership, more than what America was offering. As a result, southerners began to migrate to northern Mexico. Mexican governors tried to put a halt on immigration when the settlers were not following two of the major laws, which were for them to convert to Catholicism, and to abolish slavery. In 1834 General Antonio de Santa Anna was elected director of Mexico, in hopes that he would make the settlers follow the laws. The settlers than created their own government where Sam Houston was elected the commander of Texas military. Starting with the Battle at Alamo, Mexico won a number of battles against Texas. But the tables were turned with the Battle of San Jacinto, this was where Santa Anna was captured, and Texas became independent and was now an Independent Republic.
*Meanwhile in America, James K. Polk was elected president in March of 1845. Like Jefferson, Polk was for territorial expansion, and already had ideas how he could expand America. This is one of the reasons some may question was Polk helping America when he decided to take the some of Mexico’s territory, and go to war with them. But it was quite the opposite. In going to war with against Mexico, President Polk was taking into account the best interests of the United States. Polk wanted to expand America’s territory. This was shown when he settled the Oregon border question, the acquisition of California, the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848), and brought Texas into the union. Though some may disagree, Polk did have America’s best interest at heart.
*The Oregon country was a huge piece of wilderness land. First Spain claimed the land, but then lost it to Russia. Russia gave the land to America and Britain with the treaties of 1824 and 1825. Everything was peaceful until the United States went to negotiate the Treaty of 1818. This would divide the land at the 49th parallel and the British did not approve. This controversy was thrown into the 1844 presidential election between Henry Clay and James K. Polk. Polk won the election, and therefore inherited the dispute. But the final say so was left up to Britain, and in wanting to remain peaceful gave the U.S. the 49th parallel. Everything was solved with Webster Ashburton Treaty (1842). This treaty settled the dispute between Maine and Canada. The portion of Oregon territory acquired by the United States would later form the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and parts of the states of Montana and Wyoming.
*Polk then turned his attention to California, hoping to acquire the territory from Mexico before any European nation did so. The main interest was San Francisco Bay as an access point for trade with Asia.In 1845, he sent diplomat John Slidell to Mexico to purchase California and New Mexico for $20-30 million. Slidell's arrival caused political turmoil in Mexico after word leaked out that he was there to purchase additional territory and not to offer compensation for the loss of Texas. The Mexicans refused to receive Slidell, citing a technical problem with his credentials. In January 1846 to increase pressure on Mexico to negotiate, Polk sent troops under General Zachary Taylor into the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, territory that was claimed by both the U.S. and Mexico. Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott destroyed all resistance. Scott captured Mexico City in September of 1847, and Taylor won a series of victories in Northern Mexico. Even after these battles, Mexico did not surrender until 1848, when they agreed to peace terms set out by Polk. Polk sent diplomat Nicholas Trist to negotiate with the Mexicans. Lack of progress prompted the President to order Trist to return to the United States, but the diplomat ignored the instructions and stayed in Mexico to continue bargaining. Trist successfully negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
*The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty, that ended the Mexican-American War. The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles, to the United States in exchange for $15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. The cession that the treaty facilitated included parts of the modern-day U.S. states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah. The remaining parts of what are today the states of Arizona and New Mexico were later ceded under the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.
*Polk also wanted to incorporate Texas into the union. Even though antislavery forces did not agree, he made it happen. Texas was admitted December 29, 1845.
*Though some may disagree, James Polk did want the best for America when he went it came to the Mexican American war. Around the time Polk was in office, America was going through the Manifest Destiny stage. This was when they felt that God had given them the right and the power to territorial expansion, and the though the abolitionist did not agree with this, the rest of America did. Therefore Polk did have Americas best interest in mind when it came to the Oregon border question, the acquisition of California, the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848), and bringing Texas into the union. Polk made it possible for America to be able to claim the area north of the Rio Grande, California, New Mexico, the Oregon territory and Texas. All of this land added up is about 1 million square miles of territory. America should be grateful.
(FOR AMERICA OR AGAINST IT)
*During the 1800s America and Mexico where not seeing eye to eye on many situations. Where, when and how did this controversy begin? In order to get a full understanding and answer to this question, 1821 would be a nice place to start. This was when Mexico gained it’s independence from Britain. Mexico than began to offer opportunities for land ownership, more than what America was offering. As a result, southerners began to migrate to northern Mexico. Mexican governors tried to put a halt on immigration when the settlers were not following two of the major laws, which were for them to convert to Catholicism, and to abolish slavery. In 1834 General Antonio de Santa Anna was elected director of Mexico, in hopes that he would make the settlers follow the laws. The settlers than created their own government where Sam Houston was elected the commander of Texas military. Starting with the Battle at Alamo, Mexico won a number of battles against Texas. But the tables were turned with the Battle of San Jacinto, this was where Santa Anna was captured, and Texas became independent and was now an Independent Republic.
*Meanwhile in America, James K. Polk was elected president in March of 1845. Like Jefferson, Polk was for territorial expansion, and already had ideas how he could expand America. This is one of the reasons some may question was Polk helping America when he decided to take the some of Mexico’s territory, and go to war with them. But it was quite the opposite. In going to war with against Mexico, President Polk was taking into account the best interests of the United States. Polk wanted to expand America’s territory. This was shown when he settled the Oregon border question, the acquisition of California, the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848), and brought Texas into the union. Though some may disagree, Polk did have America’s best interest at heart.
*The Oregon country was a huge piece of wilderness land. First Spain claimed the land, but then lost it to Russia. Russia gave the land to America and Britain with the treaties of 1824 and 1825. Everything was peaceful until the United States went to negotiate the Treaty of 1818. This would divide the land at the 49th parallel and the British did not approve. This controversy was thrown into the 1844 presidential election between Henry Clay and James K. Polk. Polk won the election, and therefore inherited the dispute. But the final say so was left up to Britain, and in wanting to remain peaceful gave the U.S. the 49th parallel. Everything was solved with Webster Ashburton Treaty (1842). This treaty settled the dispute between Maine and Canada. The portion of Oregon territory acquired by the United States would later form the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, and parts of the states of Montana and Wyoming.
*Polk then turned his attention to California, hoping to acquire the territory from Mexico before any European nation did so. The main interest was San Francisco Bay as an access point for trade with Asia.In 1845, he sent diplomat John Slidell to Mexico to purchase California and New Mexico for $20-30 million. Slidell's arrival caused political turmoil in Mexico after word leaked out that he was there to purchase additional territory and not to offer compensation for the loss of Texas. The Mexicans refused to receive Slidell, citing a technical problem with his credentials. In January 1846 to increase pressure on Mexico to negotiate, Polk sent troops under General Zachary Taylor into the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, territory that was claimed by both the U.S. and Mexico. Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott destroyed all resistance. Scott captured Mexico City in September of 1847, and Taylor won a series of victories in Northern Mexico. Even after these battles, Mexico did not surrender until 1848, when they agreed to peace terms set out by Polk. Polk sent diplomat Nicholas Trist to negotiate with the Mexicans. Lack of progress prompted the President to order Trist to return to the United States, but the diplomat ignored the instructions and stayed in Mexico to continue bargaining. Trist successfully negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
*The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty, that ended the Mexican-American War. The treaty provided for the Mexican Cession, in which Mexico ceded 525,000 square miles, to the United States in exchange for $15 million. The United States also agreed to take over $3.25 million in debts Mexico owed to American citizens. The cession that the treaty facilitated included parts of the modern-day U.S. states of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming, as well as the whole of California, Nevada, and Utah. The remaining parts of what are today the states of Arizona and New Mexico were later ceded under the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.
*Polk also wanted to incorporate Texas into the union. Even though antislavery forces did not agree, he made it happen. Texas was admitted December 29, 1845.
*Though some may disagree, James Polk did want the best for America when he went it came to the Mexican American war. Around the time Polk was in office, America was going through the Manifest Destiny stage. This was when they felt that God had given them the right and the power to territorial expansion, and the though the abolitionist did not agree with this, the rest of America did. Therefore Polk did have Americas best interest in mind when it came to the Oregon border question, the acquisition of California, the Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo (1848), and bringing Texas into the union. Polk made it possible for America to be able to claim the area north of the Rio Grande, California, New Mexico, the Oregon territory and Texas. All of this land added up is about 1 million square miles of territory. America should be grateful.
Monday, October 29, 2007
The 2 Faces of Thomas Jefferson
The Two Faces of Thomas Jefferson
*The Revolution of 1800 was when the power of the federalist president, John Adams, was peacefully passed on to the democratic republican, President Thomas Jefferson. During Jefferson’s two terms as president, you can say he developed “two faces” when it came to foreign affairs and domestic policies and actions. One of the foreign affairs he had to face was the undeclared war with the Barbary Pirates. The domestically he dealt with polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, Kentucky resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
*The Barbary Pirates were pirates with ships and crews who came from the Barbary Coast, capturing merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom. This provided the rulers of these nations with wealth and power. Many of the countries that the pirates encountered (including Britain) would just paid them off to avoid conflict. When America was still under Britain’s rule they were safe from this problem, but now since they were independent, the pirates expected them to pay. But Jefferson refused to pay the ransom. As a result to this, an undeclared war began, which America won. Therefore the U.S. did not have to pay the pirates any money. This was good on Jefferson’s part because it showed that he could make god decisions for the U.S., and save them money when it came to foreign affairs.
*Even though Jefferson saved money when dealing with the Barbary Pirates, he spent 15 million dollars on the Louisiana Purchase. Making decisions like this was in Jefferson’s nature, being that he was a democratic republican, and they were mainly farmers and common men. Making this purchase added a lot more land to America, which was a good thing. However, when it came to the Non-intercourse Act of 1809, Jefferson contradicted himself. This was when Jefferson said that all trade was okay except trade with Britain and France; yet he bought the Louisiana territory from France.
*Another one of Jefferson’s domestic affairs was the Marbury vs. Madison case. This was the case where William Marbury sued James Madison because he learned that Madison had shelved his commission. John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) was the judge for this case. Being torn between supporting a fellow federalist (Marbury) or doing what Jefferson’s followers wanted him to do. Marshall decided to leave it up to the Supreme Court. Marshall’s discussion made Jefferson upset. As a result he tried to have Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, impeached. Because Jefferson failed, we now have the separation of powers.
*The last domestic policy was the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist when John Adams was president. They were designed to protect the U.S. from foreign enemies and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic republic later said that they were unconstitutional and designed to forcefully end criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. One act (the Alien Enemies Act) is still in force in 2007, and has frequently been enforced in wartime. The others expired or were repealed by 1802. Thomas Jefferson held them all to be unconstitutional and void, and ordered the release of all who had been convicted of violating them.
*During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he was involved in many foreign affairs such as the Barbary Pirate conflict. He was also involved in domestic polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Even though, in some cases, it seemed like Jefferson had two different faces, by contradicting himself, he still manged to get the job done.
(This is the one that I would like you to grade. I have already posted another one earlier but my father went over it and told me to make corrections and repost it.)
*The Revolution of 1800 was when the power of the federalist president, John Adams, was peacefully passed on to the democratic republican, President Thomas Jefferson. During Jefferson’s two terms as president, you can say he developed “two faces” when it came to foreign affairs and domestic policies and actions. One of the foreign affairs he had to face was the undeclared war with the Barbary Pirates. The domestically he dealt with polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, Kentucky resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
*The Barbary Pirates were pirates with ships and crews who came from the Barbary Coast, capturing merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom. This provided the rulers of these nations with wealth and power. Many of the countries that the pirates encountered (including Britain) would just paid them off to avoid conflict. When America was still under Britain’s rule they were safe from this problem, but now since they were independent, the pirates expected them to pay. But Jefferson refused to pay the ransom. As a result to this, an undeclared war began, which America won. Therefore the U.S. did not have to pay the pirates any money. This was good on Jefferson’s part because it showed that he could make god decisions for the U.S., and save them money when it came to foreign affairs.
*Even though Jefferson saved money when dealing with the Barbary Pirates, he spent 15 million dollars on the Louisiana Purchase. Making decisions like this was in Jefferson’s nature, being that he was a democratic republican, and they were mainly farmers and common men. Making this purchase added a lot more land to America, which was a good thing. However, when it came to the Non-intercourse Act of 1809, Jefferson contradicted himself. This was when Jefferson said that all trade was okay except trade with Britain and France; yet he bought the Louisiana territory from France.
*Another one of Jefferson’s domestic affairs was the Marbury vs. Madison case. This was the case where William Marbury sued James Madison because he learned that Madison had shelved his commission. John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) was the judge for this case. Being torn between supporting a fellow federalist (Marbury) or doing what Jefferson’s followers wanted him to do. Marshall decided to leave it up to the Supreme Court. Marshall’s discussion made Jefferson upset. As a result he tried to have Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, impeached. Because Jefferson failed, we now have the separation of powers.
*The last domestic policy was the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist when John Adams was president. They were designed to protect the U.S. from foreign enemies and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic republic later said that they were unconstitutional and designed to forcefully end criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. One act (the Alien Enemies Act) is still in force in 2007, and has frequently been enforced in wartime. The others expired or were repealed by 1802. Thomas Jefferson held them all to be unconstitutional and void, and ordered the release of all who had been convicted of violating them.
*During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he was involved in many foreign affairs such as the Barbary Pirate conflict. He was also involved in domestic polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Even though, in some cases, it seemed like Jefferson had two different faces, by contradicting himself, he still manged to get the job done.
(This is the one that I would like you to grade. I have already posted another one earlier but my father went over it and told me to make corrections and repost it.)
The 2 Faces of Thomas Jefferson
The 2 Faces of Thomas Jefferson
*The Revolution of 1800 is when the power of the Federalists, President John Adams, passed to the democratic Republic, President Thomas Jefferson, peacefully. During Jefferson’s two term presidencies, you can see his “two faces” of how he dealt with both foreign affairs and domestic policies and actions. One of the foreign affairs was the undeclared war with the Barbary Pirates. The Domestic polices and actions were the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, Kentucky Resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
*The Barbary Pirates were pirate ships and crews from the Barbary Coast, capturing merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom. This provided the rulers of these nations with wealth and power. Many countries (including Britain) the pirates were encounter with just paid them off to avoid conflict. When America was still under Britain’s rule they were safe from this, but now since they were independent, the pirates expected them to pay. But Jefferson refused to pay the ransom. As a result to this, an undeclared war began, which America won. Therefore the U.S. did not have to pay the pirates any money. This was good on Jefferson’s part because it showed that he could make god decisions for the U.S., and save them money when it came to foreign affairs.
*Even though Jefferson saved money when dealing with the Barbary Pirates, he spent 15 million dollars on the Louisiana Purchase. Making this decision was in Jefferson’s nature has a person being that he was democratic Republics, and they were mainly farmers and common men. Making this purchase added a lot more land to America, which was a good thing, but at the same time Jefferson contradicted himself, the Nonintercourse Act of 1809 was when Jefferson said that all trade was okay except trade with Britain and France. But he bought the Louisiana territory from France.
*Another one of Jefferson’s Domestic affairs was the Marbury vs. Madison case. This was the case where William Marbury sued James Madison because he learned that Madison had shelved his commission. John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) was the judge for this case. Being torn between supporting a fellow federalist (Marbury) or what Jefferson’s followers wanted him to do, Marshall decided to give leave it up to the Supreme Court. Marshall’s discussion mad Jefferson upset and as a result he tried to have Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, impeached. Because Jefferson failed we know have the Separation of powers.
*The last domestic policy was the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist when John Adams was president. They were designed to protect the U.S. from alien enemies and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic republic later said that they were unconstitutional and designed to forcefully end criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. One act (the Alien Enemies Act) is still in force in 2007, and has frequently been enforced in wartime. The others expired or were repealed by 1802. Thomas Jefferson held them all to be unconstitutional and void, and ordered the release of all who had been convicted of violating them.
*During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he was involved in both foreign affairs such as the Barbary Pirate conflict. He was also involved in domestic polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Even though Jefferson, in most cases, showed his two faces by contradicting himself, he still manged to get the job done.
*The Revolution of 1800 is when the power of the Federalists, President John Adams, passed to the democratic Republic, President Thomas Jefferson, peacefully. During Jefferson’s two term presidencies, you can see his “two faces” of how he dealt with both foreign affairs and domestic policies and actions. One of the foreign affairs was the undeclared war with the Barbary Pirates. The Domestic polices and actions were the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, Kentucky Resolutions and the Alien and Sedition Acts.
*The Barbary Pirates were pirate ships and crews from the Barbary Coast, capturing merchant ships and holding their crews for ransom. This provided the rulers of these nations with wealth and power. Many countries (including Britain) the pirates were encounter with just paid them off to avoid conflict. When America was still under Britain’s rule they were safe from this, but now since they were independent, the pirates expected them to pay. But Jefferson refused to pay the ransom. As a result to this, an undeclared war began, which America won. Therefore the U.S. did not have to pay the pirates any money. This was good on Jefferson’s part because it showed that he could make god decisions for the U.S., and save them money when it came to foreign affairs.
*Even though Jefferson saved money when dealing with the Barbary Pirates, he spent 15 million dollars on the Louisiana Purchase. Making this decision was in Jefferson’s nature has a person being that he was democratic Republics, and they were mainly farmers and common men. Making this purchase added a lot more land to America, which was a good thing, but at the same time Jefferson contradicted himself, the Nonintercourse Act of 1809 was when Jefferson said that all trade was okay except trade with Britain and France. But he bought the Louisiana territory from France.
*Another one of Jefferson’s Domestic affairs was the Marbury vs. Madison case. This was the case where William Marbury sued James Madison because he learned that Madison had shelved his commission. John Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) was the judge for this case. Being torn between supporting a fellow federalist (Marbury) or what Jefferson’s followers wanted him to do, Marshall decided to give leave it up to the Supreme Court. Marshall’s discussion mad Jefferson upset and as a result he tried to have Supreme Court justice, Samuel Chase, impeached. Because Jefferson failed we know have the Separation of powers.
*The last domestic policy was the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by the Federalist when John Adams was president. They were designed to protect the U.S. from alien enemies and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic republic later said that they were unconstitutional and designed to forcefully end criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. One act (the Alien Enemies Act) is still in force in 2007, and has frequently been enforced in wartime. The others expired or were repealed by 1802. Thomas Jefferson held them all to be unconstitutional and void, and ordered the release of all who had been convicted of violating them.
*During Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, he was involved in both foreign affairs such as the Barbary Pirate conflict. He was also involved in domestic polices and actions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Marbury vs. Madison case, and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Even though Jefferson, in most cases, showed his two faces by contradicting himself, he still manged to get the job done.
Saturday, October 20, 2007
Articles of Weakness
Articles of Weakness
* The Articles of Confederation (AOC) was too much of a friend to the states. Therefore, the AOC was an inadequate form of government. The problem was that basically it had no power over the states. It had a weak central government therefore most of the power resided in the states. In foreign affairs the AOC government had to request troupes from states, and it had no chief executive or state department to conduct foreign affairs. They also did not have the authority to tax, establish uniform currency, or regulate trade. Since the AOC was so weak Republic changed it with the Constitution.
* The first and manger flaw of the AOC was that the states had too much power. It could not act directly upon the individual citizens of a sovereign state, therefore it could not protect itself against indignities. States also and too much when it came to voting. It was set up so that each state only counted for one vote ( so that it would be fair to smaller states). Any bills dealing with some form of importance had to have the votes of nine states. And any amendment to the AOC required unanimous ratification, which was impossible therefore change would not take place. Which was why the Republic changed it with the Constitution.
*Another problem the AOC government had was that in foreign affairs it had to request troupes from states, and it did have an executive or state department to conduct foreign affairs. The way foreign affairs were resolved, was that, the AOC linked together thirteen independent states so that they could work out their own problems. Congress was the chief agency of government. There was no executive branch, and judicial arm was basically left up to the states. this also left the states with more power than the AOC.
* The AOC did not even have enough authority to tax, establish uniform currency, or regulate trade. The AOC had no power to regulate commerce, which is the buying and selling of goods, which was why they had no control over trading. Since the AOC did not have the power to enforce its tax program, it established a "tax quota". The tax quota was basically a donation. It asked the states for a certain amount yearly, but it usually only received 1/4 of what it asked for. Again this allowed the states to over power the AOC.
* The AOC was too weak, therefore causing it to be an inadequate form of government. It allowed the states to be more powerful because it had a weak central government. It had no power when it came to foreign affairs. And it also did not have any power when it came to taxing and trading. Due to the AOC being so weak, the Republic replaced it with the Constitution.
* The Articles of Confederation (AOC) was too much of a friend to the states. Therefore, the AOC was an inadequate form of government. The problem was that basically it had no power over the states. It had a weak central government therefore most of the power resided in the states. In foreign affairs the AOC government had to request troupes from states, and it had no chief executive or state department to conduct foreign affairs. They also did not have the authority to tax, establish uniform currency, or regulate trade. Since the AOC was so weak Republic changed it with the Constitution.
* The first and manger flaw of the AOC was that the states had too much power. It could not act directly upon the individual citizens of a sovereign state, therefore it could not protect itself against indignities. States also and too much when it came to voting. It was set up so that each state only counted for one vote ( so that it would be fair to smaller states). Any bills dealing with some form of importance had to have the votes of nine states. And any amendment to the AOC required unanimous ratification, which was impossible therefore change would not take place. Which was why the Republic changed it with the Constitution.
*Another problem the AOC government had was that in foreign affairs it had to request troupes from states, and it did have an executive or state department to conduct foreign affairs. The way foreign affairs were resolved, was that, the AOC linked together thirteen independent states so that they could work out their own problems. Congress was the chief agency of government. There was no executive branch, and judicial arm was basically left up to the states. this also left the states with more power than the AOC.
* The AOC did not even have enough authority to tax, establish uniform currency, or regulate trade. The AOC had no power to regulate commerce, which is the buying and selling of goods, which was why they had no control over trading. Since the AOC did not have the power to enforce its tax program, it established a "tax quota". The tax quota was basically a donation. It asked the states for a certain amount yearly, but it usually only received 1/4 of what it asked for. Again this allowed the states to over power the AOC.
* The AOC was too weak, therefore causing it to be an inadequate form of government. It allowed the states to be more powerful because it had a weak central government. It had no power when it came to foreign affairs. And it also did not have any power when it came to taxing and trading. Due to the AOC being so weak, the Republic replaced it with the Constitution.
Sunday, September 30, 2007
Go Radicals!
Go Radicals!
*The First and Second Continental Congress were shaped by disputes between moderates, radicals, and conservatives. Moderates favored the ways of both the radicals and the conservatives. The radicals believed that America should become independent from their mother country, Britain. Then there were the conservatives who believed in the exact opposite of the radicals. They believed that America should remain loyal to Britain. The group of Americans who were the most persuasive was in fact the radicals.
* In the beginning many Americans agreed with the ways of the conservatives, being that they should remain loyal to Britain. America felt that they benefited from Britain’s mercantile system. Also, that Britain’s navy and redcoats offered them protection. Being that they were under Britain’s rule, America felt that as Britain prospered so will they. This later changed when Britain started becoming richer off of America. Since Britain traded on America, why should America remain loyal, this was why the conservatives were not the more persuasive group.
* In order to be persuasive you must first stand strong in what you believe in. This is why the moderates were not the ones who were the most persuasive. They were the ones who were able to see the good in remaining under British rule or becoming independent. Moderates did not really feel that events had taken place yet to make them break from Britain, but were willing to change. They were also referred to as the mediators, the ones that felt that they would do anything as long as the end result was peace and happiness. They were the ones who were getting persuaded by the conservatives and radicals.
*Due to the fact that Britain was know becoming rich off of the Americans and were not really helping them, the radicals had a stronger reason to feel the way that they did. Prime Minister George Grenville helped prove the radicals to be right. He was the one who first started taxing Britain with the sugar tax and later the stamp tax. The conservatives argued that Britain offered them protection with there navy and redcoats for free. But now because of the stamp tax they will have to pay for that service. Britain also made it where American merchants had to ship products to Britain even though prices might have been better elsewhere. In result of Britain’s taxing Americans boycotted using non-importation and non-consumption. Another tax was the tea tax, which the Americans also found obscured. The reaction to this was the Boston Tea Party, where the tea was dumped onto the Boston Harbor. The reason that the radicals were the most persuasive is because they actually took action. The conservatives just relied on the way things were. Because the radicals were the most persuasive group the Revolutionary War was started, when American fought for there independence from their mother country, Britain.
* The radicals, moderates, and conservatives’ disputes shaped the First and Second Continental Congress. The radicals, who were the most persuasive group, believed that America should be independent from Britain. Moderates favored radicals and conservatives. And conservatives believed that America should remain loyal to Britain. The radicals were the most persuasive group because they were the only group because were the only ones who took action (non-consumption, and non-importation, Boston Tea Party, etc.) that actually ending with them getting what they were fighting for.
*The First and Second Continental Congress were shaped by disputes between moderates, radicals, and conservatives. Moderates favored the ways of both the radicals and the conservatives. The radicals believed that America should become independent from their mother country, Britain. Then there were the conservatives who believed in the exact opposite of the radicals. They believed that America should remain loyal to Britain. The group of Americans who were the most persuasive was in fact the radicals.
* In the beginning many Americans agreed with the ways of the conservatives, being that they should remain loyal to Britain. America felt that they benefited from Britain’s mercantile system. Also, that Britain’s navy and redcoats offered them protection. Being that they were under Britain’s rule, America felt that as Britain prospered so will they. This later changed when Britain started becoming richer off of America. Since Britain traded on America, why should America remain loyal, this was why the conservatives were not the more persuasive group.
* In order to be persuasive you must first stand strong in what you believe in. This is why the moderates were not the ones who were the most persuasive. They were the ones who were able to see the good in remaining under British rule or becoming independent. Moderates did not really feel that events had taken place yet to make them break from Britain, but were willing to change. They were also referred to as the mediators, the ones that felt that they would do anything as long as the end result was peace and happiness. They were the ones who were getting persuaded by the conservatives and radicals.
*Due to the fact that Britain was know becoming rich off of the Americans and were not really helping them, the radicals had a stronger reason to feel the way that they did. Prime Minister George Grenville helped prove the radicals to be right. He was the one who first started taxing Britain with the sugar tax and later the stamp tax. The conservatives argued that Britain offered them protection with there navy and redcoats for free. But now because of the stamp tax they will have to pay for that service. Britain also made it where American merchants had to ship products to Britain even though prices might have been better elsewhere. In result of Britain’s taxing Americans boycotted using non-importation and non-consumption. Another tax was the tea tax, which the Americans also found obscured. The reaction to this was the Boston Tea Party, where the tea was dumped onto the Boston Harbor. The reason that the radicals were the most persuasive is because they actually took action. The conservatives just relied on the way things were. Because the radicals were the most persuasive group the Revolutionary War was started, when American fought for there independence from their mother country, Britain.
* The radicals, moderates, and conservatives’ disputes shaped the First and Second Continental Congress. The radicals, who were the most persuasive group, believed that America should be independent from Britain. Moderates favored radicals and conservatives. And conservatives believed that America should remain loyal to Britain. The radicals were the most persuasive group because they were the only group because were the only ones who took action (non-consumption, and non-importation, Boston Tea Party, etc.) that actually ending with them getting what they were fighting for.
Sunday, September 23, 2007
Go Radicals!
Go Radicals!
The First and Second Continental Congresses were shaped by disputes between the moderates, radicals and conservatives. The problem was that America were still under Britain’s rule. The conservative were more along the line of extremist, and were republicans. They believed that America should remain loyal to the mother land being Britain. The moderates were the ones who were able to see good in staying under Britain’s rule or becoming independent. They were directly in the middle, some were republicans, and some democratic. The radicals, who were the most persuasive and effective in achieving its goals, were the people who wanted complete change. They no longer wanted to answer to Britain. The radicals were the democratic. The radicals were the most persuasive because as you can see today, America is independent and no longer under Britain’s rule.
Even though America had its on government and way of living, they were still under Great Britain’s control. This gave Britain the right to tax America on whatever they saw fit. An example of this was the Tea Tax. During that time tea was important to them as coffee is to many people today. America reacted with the Boston Tea Party, dumping the tea into the Boston Habor. The conservatives believed that for the most part they should do what Britain wanted them to do. The conservatives favored a return to the way things were before the French and Indian War. The felt that Britain gave them a since protection and that they should remain loyal to Britain. They were not persuasive though, because America is no longer under British rule.
In order to be persuasive you must first stand strong in what you believe in. This is why the moderates were not the ones who were the most persuasive. They were the ones who were able to see the good in remaining under British rule or becoming independent. Moderates did not really feel that events had taken place yet to make them break from Britain, but were willing to change. They were also referred to as the mediators, the ones that felt that they would do anything as long as the end result was peace and happiness. They were the ones who were getting persuaded by the conservatives and radicals.
Since neither the conservatives nor moderates were persuasive that leaves the radicals. They were as strong as the extremist but belived on the exact opposite. The extremist wanted no change and the radicals were all about change by any means necessary. They were the ones who believed that America should be independent from Britain and rule itself. The radicals would be the democrats. In result of the radicals being the more persuasive group the Revolutionary War started.
In result of the radicals being the most persuasive, America went to war with Britain to gain its independence. This was the Revolutionary War, America were the ones who claimed victory. Thanks to the radicals being the most effective America is now independent from Britain. Now America rules over other countries.
The First and Second Continental Congresses were shaped by disputes between the moderates, radicals and conservatives. The problem was that America were still under Britain’s rule. The conservative were more along the line of extremist, and were republicans. They believed that America should remain loyal to the mother land being Britain. The moderates were the ones who were able to see good in staying under Britain’s rule or becoming independent. They were directly in the middle, some were republicans, and some democratic. The radicals, who were the most persuasive and effective in achieving its goals, were the people who wanted complete change. They no longer wanted to answer to Britain. The radicals were the democratic. The radicals were the most persuasive because as you can see today, America is independent and no longer under Britain’s rule.
Even though America had its on government and way of living, they were still under Great Britain’s control. This gave Britain the right to tax America on whatever they saw fit. An example of this was the Tea Tax. During that time tea was important to them as coffee is to many people today. America reacted with the Boston Tea Party, dumping the tea into the Boston Habor. The conservatives believed that for the most part they should do what Britain wanted them to do. The conservatives favored a return to the way things were before the French and Indian War. The felt that Britain gave them a since protection and that they should remain loyal to Britain. They were not persuasive though, because America is no longer under British rule.
In order to be persuasive you must first stand strong in what you believe in. This is why the moderates were not the ones who were the most persuasive. They were the ones who were able to see the good in remaining under British rule or becoming independent. Moderates did not really feel that events had taken place yet to make them break from Britain, but were willing to change. They were also referred to as the mediators, the ones that felt that they would do anything as long as the end result was peace and happiness. They were the ones who were getting persuaded by the conservatives and radicals.
Since neither the conservatives nor moderates were persuasive that leaves the radicals. They were as strong as the extremist but belived on the exact opposite. The extremist wanted no change and the radicals were all about change by any means necessary. They were the ones who believed that America should be independent from Britain and rule itself. The radicals would be the democrats. In result of the radicals being the more persuasive group the Revolutionary War started.
In result of the radicals being the most persuasive, America went to war with Britain to gain its independence. This was the Revolutionary War, America were the ones who claimed victory. Thanks to the radicals being the most effective America is now independent from Britain. Now America rules over other countries.
Saturday, September 8, 2007
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
The Radicalism of the American Revolution was written by Gordon S. Woods. In this novel Woods talks about three stages that American went through during the eighteenth century. those stages were monarchy, republicanism and democracy. In this novel Woods shares why he believes that American Revolution is the that America went from monarchy to democracy. This paper will talk about these three stages and what Woods says about them in his book.
The book begins in the monarchy stage, which is before the American Revolution. This stage was basically when every one was under one rule. Basically the king is at the top and servants are at the bottom. Woods went in depth on how he felt that this called dependency. The person on the bottom of the social status always depending on the person a social class above them. And how in this social hierarchy ones superiority mainly depends on their birth right.
The next Stage that Woods talks about is republicanism. This was the stage that replaced the monarchy. The ruler of this stage was the "gentlemen", a ruler that will not be greedy. Woods felt that this ended dependency. Also that this stage brought out many leaders, such as Thomas Jefferson. Along with these types of leaders, virtues were also formed.
Even though this might seems As if it worked it did not. Due to the failure of republicanism, democracy was formed. This was the final stage of Woods novel. Woods says that this was the era of Enlightenment. The era where Americans can truly call themselves American. The era where pride was put in place along with human rights.
The novel The Radicalism of the American Revolution talked about Gordan S. Woods' views of America. It talks about the three Stages that America went through. these stages being monarchy, republicanism, and democracy. Woods feels that the revolution is what formed these stages and is what made America what it is today. This book helps you to understand what America has been through and why it is strong today.
The book begins in the monarchy stage, which is before the American Revolution. This stage was basically when every one was under one rule. Basically the king is at the top and servants are at the bottom. Woods went in depth on how he felt that this called dependency. The person on the bottom of the social status always depending on the person a social class above them. And how in this social hierarchy ones superiority mainly depends on their birth right.
The next Stage that Woods talks about is republicanism. This was the stage that replaced the monarchy. The ruler of this stage was the "gentlemen", a ruler that will not be greedy. Woods felt that this ended dependency. Also that this stage brought out many leaders, such as Thomas Jefferson. Along with these types of leaders, virtues were also formed.
Even though this might seems As if it worked it did not. Due to the failure of republicanism, democracy was formed. This was the final stage of Woods novel. Woods says that this was the era of Enlightenment. The era where Americans can truly call themselves American. The era where pride was put in place along with human rights.
The novel The Radicalism of the American Revolution talked about Gordan S. Woods' views of America. It talks about the three Stages that America went through. these stages being monarchy, republicanism, and democracy. Woods feels that the revolution is what formed these stages and is what made America what it is today. This book helps you to understand what America has been through and why it is strong today.
Wednesday, September 5, 2007
Why I signed up for this class?
The reason that I decided to take AP US is very simple. In my past years of taking any kind of history i have done well. Especially United States History. So when my high school counselor advised me to take the advanced course i agreed. I enjoy a challenge and being pushed to my limits. And I really think that this class will do this for me.
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